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<title>Structural engineer</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Structural engineer</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Structural engineer, professional engineer, chartered engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Design" title="Design">Design</a>, <a href="Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, <a href="Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">engineering ethics</a>, <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, <a href="Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">engineering economics</a>, <a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a>, <a href="Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Structural engineers</b> analyze, design, plan, and research <a href="List_of_structural_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of structural elements">structural components</a> and <a href="Structural_system" title="Structural system">structural systems</a> to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.

</p><p>Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within <a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, but it can also be studied in its own right. In the United States, most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a>, but the situation varies from state to state. Some states have a separate license for structural engineers who are required to design special or high-risk structures such as schools, hospitals, or skyscrapers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the <a href="Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a> or the <a href="Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>.

</p><p>Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include buildings, towers, stadiums, and bridges. Other structures such as oil rigs, space satellites, aircraft, and ships may also be designed by a structural engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however, there are also structural engineers in the aerospace, automobile, and shipbuilding industries. In the construction industry, they work closely with <a href="Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a>, <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a>, <a href="Mechanical_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineers">mechanical engineers</a>, <a href="Electrical_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineers">electrical engineers</a>, <a href="Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">quantity surveyors</a>, and <a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction managers</a>.

</p><p>Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate <a href="Structural_load" title="Structural load">structural loads</a> (e.g., gravity, wind, snow, rain, seismic (<a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>), earth pressure, temperature, and traffic) to prevent or reduce the loss of life or injury. They also design structures to be stiff enough to not <a href="Deflection_(engineering)" title="Deflection (engineering)">deflect</a> or vibrate beyond acceptable limits. Human comfort is an issue that is regularly considered limited. <a href="Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Fatigue</a> is also an important consideration for bridges and aircraft design or for other structures that experience many stress cycles over their lifetimes. Consideration is also given to the durability of materials against possible deterioration which may impair performance over the design lifetime.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor's degree, and often a master's degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are <a href="Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength of materials</a> or <a href="Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">solid mechanics</a>, <a href="Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">structural analysis</a> (static and dynamic), <a href="Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a> and <a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>. <a href="Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a>, composite structure, timber, <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> and <a href="Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a> designs are the general <a href="Structural_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural design">structural design</a> courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include <a href="Structural_mechanics" title="Structural mechanics">structural mechanics</a>, <a href="Structural_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Dynamics">structural dynamics</a> and <a href="Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">structural failure</a> analysis are designed to build up the fundamental analysis skills and theories for structural engineering students. At the senior year level or in graduate programs, <a href="Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed concrete</a> design, <a href="Space_frame" title="Space frame">space frame</a> design for building and aircraft, bridge engineering, civil and aerospace structure rehabilitation and other advanced structural engineering specializations are usually introduced.

</p><p>Recently in the United States, there have been discussions in the structural engineering community about the knowledge base of structural engineering graduates. Some have called for a master's degree to be the minimum standard for professional licensing as a civil engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are separate structural engineering undergraduate degrees at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> and the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Geodesy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Many students who later become structural engineers major in civil, mechanical, or aerospace engineering degree programs, with an emphasis on structural engineering. <a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a> programs do offer structural emphases and are often in combined academic departments with civil engineering.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_or_chartered_status">Licensing or chartered status</h2></div>

<p>In many countries, structural engineering is a profession subject to licensure. Licensed engineers may receive the title of Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Structural Engineer, or other title depending on the jurisdiction. The process to attain licensure to work as a structural engineer varies by location, but typically specifies university education, work experience, examination, and continuing education to maintain their mastery of the subject. <a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Professional Engineers</a> bear legal responsibility for their work to ensure the safety and performance of their structures and only practice within the scope of their expertise.

</p><p>In the United States, persons practicing structural engineering must be licensed in each state in which they practice. Licensure to practice as a structural engineer usually be obtained by the same qualifications as for a <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil Engineer</a>, but some states require licensure specifically for structural engineering, with experience specific and non-concurrent with experience claimed for another engineering profession. The qualifications for licensure typically include a specified minimum level of practicing experience, as well as the successful completion of a nationally-administered 16-hour exam, and possibly an additional state-specific exam. For instance, California requires that candidates pass a national exam, written by the <a href="National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a> (NCEES),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a state-specific exam which includes a <a href="Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> portion and a <a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> portion. In most states, application for license exam is requires four years of work experience after the candidate graduated from an ABET-accredited university and passing the fundamentals of Engineering exam, three years after receiving a master's degree, or two years after receiving a Ph.D. degree.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most US states do not have a separate structural engineering license. In 10 US states, including Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and others, there is an additional license or authority for Structural Engineering,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> obtained after the engineer has obtained a Civil Engineering license and practiced an additional amount of time with the Civil Engineering license. The scope of what structures must be designed by a Structural Engineer, not by a Civil Engineer without the S.E. license, is limited in Alaska, California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington to some high importance structures such as stadiums, bridges, hospitals, and schools. The practice of structural engineering is reserved entirely to S.E. licensees in Hawaii and Illinois.

</p><p>The <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has one of the oldest professional institutions for structural engineers, the <a href="Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a>. Founded as the Concrete Institute in 1908, it was renamed the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) in 1922. It now has 22,000 members with branches in 32 countries.

</p><p>The IStructE is one of several UK professional bodies empowered to grant the title of <a href="Chartered_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Engineer">Chartered Engineer</a>; its members are granted the title of <b>Chartered Structural Engineer</b>. The overall process to become chartered begins after graduation from a UK <a href="MEng" class="mw-redirect" title="MEng">MEng</a> degree, or a <a href="BEng" class="mw-redirect" title="BEng">BEng</a> with an <a href="MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a> degree. To qualify as a chartered structural engineer, a graduate needs to go through four years of <a href="Initial_Professional_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial Professional Development">Initial Professional Development</a> followed by a professional review interview. After passing the interview, the candidate sits an eight-hour professional review examination. The election to chartered membership (MIStructE) depends on the examination result. The candidate can register at the <a href="Engineering_Council_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Council UK">Engineering Council UK</a> as a Chartered Structural Engineer once he or she has been elected as a Chartered Member. Legally it is not necessary to be a member of the IStructE when working on structures in the UK, however, industry practice, insurance, and liabilities dictate that an appropriately qualified engineer be responsible for such work.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_remuneration">Career and remuneration</h2></div>

<p>A 2010 survey of professionals occupying jobs in the <a href="Construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction industry">construction industry</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that structural engineers in the UK earn an average wage of £35,009. The salary of structural engineers varies from sector to sector within the construction and <a href="Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a> industry worldwide, depending on the project. For example, structural engineers working in public sector projects earn on average £37,083 per annum compared to the £43,947 average earned by those in commercial projects. Certain regions also represent higher average salaries, with structural engineers in the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in all sectors, and of every level of experience, earning £45,083, compared to UK and EU countries where the average is £35,164.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">Architects</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_structural_engineers" title="List of structural engineers">List of structural engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_structural_engineering_companies" title="List of structural engineering companies">List of structural engineering companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">Structural failure</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/1808/Structural-Engineer-SE-Licensure-Explained.aspx">"Structural Engineer (SE) Licensure Explained"</a>. <i>Engineering.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsea.com/resources/licensure/">"NCSEA Structural Licensure Committee"</a>. <i>www.ncsea.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institution of Structural Engineer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istructe.org/structuralengineers/db/35.asp">What do they do?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161132/http://www.istructe.org/structuralengineers/db/35.asp">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, viewed on 22 May 2007</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.asce.org/pressroom/news/policy_details.cfm?hdlid=15">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012202549/http://www.asce.org/pressroom/news/policy_details.cfm?hdlid=15">Archived</a> October 12, 2006, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncees.org/">"Welcome to NCEES"</a>. <i>NCEES</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.A-1Engineering.com/structuralengineering.htm">"Structural Engineering in Texas"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsea.com/resources/licensure/">"NCSEA Structural Licensure Committee"</a>. <i>www.ncsea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-11582-uk-website-launches-salary-comparison-tool/">"UK website launches salary comparison tool"</a>. 27 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salarybenchmarker.careerstructure.com/?WT.mc_id=B_A_EM_SB_GPR">"Salary Benchmarker"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<ul><li>National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (www.ncsea.com)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507132711/https://www.ncsea.com/downloads/files/Resources/A_DAY_IN_THE_LIFE_of_SE.pdf">A day in the life of a structural engineer</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iabse.org">IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering)</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Construction395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrialization_of_construction" title="Industrialization of construction">Industrialization</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_infrastructure" title="History of infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_world's_tallest_buildings" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">World's tallest buildings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br>(<a href="List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li>

<li><a href="Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li>

<li><a href="Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li>

<li><a href="American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li>

<li><a href="Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li>

<li><a href="Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li>

<li><a href="Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li>

<li><a href="Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li>

<li><a href="The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li>

<li><a href="Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li>

<li><a href="FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li>

<li><a href="Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li>

<li><a href="Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li>

<li><a href="Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Construction industry of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a>

<li><a href="Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Builder's_signature" title="Builder's signature">Builder's signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Builders'_rites" title="Builders' rites">Builders' rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor_loan" title="Floor loan">Floor loan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_construction" title="Illegal construction">Illegal construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li>

<li><a href="Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a>

<ul><li><a href="Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parge_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li>

<li><a href="Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Topping_out" title="Topping out">Topping out</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a>

<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182946-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/6d4b8737-b395-489a-a005-e7bcfb4d49a5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Structural_engineer&oldid=1294092757">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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